Elicitation Techniques

Belang Telon | Elicitation techniques (elicitation) is the way the researchers in collecting information or data. Most of the crucial questions that often arise with regard to research reports that use the elicitation procedure is how the status information (data) obtained by the researchers (such as language production or comprehension, strategies, processes, Attitudes, opinions or practices) which may be varied according to the nature task (task) and the context of the task given to respondents. What was seen by participants as the purpose of a particular task, their cultural background, their position statement and the context of situational factors, it may also affect the information obtained by investigators.
Sociotechnical Methods is one of several elicitation techniques. There are several techniques in the elicitation as below :

Elicitation Techniques
  • Traditional techniques
    • Introspection
    • Reading existing documents
    • Analyzing hard data
    • Interviews
      • Open-ended
      • Structured
    • Surveys / Questionnaires
    • Meetings
  • Collaborative techniques
    • Group techniques
      • Focus Groups
      • Brainstorming
    • JAD/RAD workshops
    • Prototyping
    • Participatory Design
  • Cognitive techniques
    • Task analysis
    • Protocol analysis
    • Knowledge Acquisition Techniques
      • Card Sorting
      • Laddering
      • Repertory Grids
      • Proximity Scaling Techniques
  • Contextual approaches
    • Ethnographic techniques
      • Participant Observation
      • Enthnomethodology
    • Discourse Analysis
      • Conversation Analysis
      • Speech Act Analysis
    • Sociotechnical Methods
      • Soft Systems Analysis

Shalat Hajat

Shalat Hajat is the Shalat of voluntary intent to do because there is an intent or purpose of which is very  important, so that what was needed was immediately granted by ALLAH Almighty.
While the work is voluntary Mu'akkad law, which is highly recommended for voluntary work for people who need them. As which has been described in the word of Allah which means:
"O those who believe, seek help (to ALLAH) with patience and sholat, for Allah is with those who patiently
(Surat al-Baqara: 153)
And also the word - in his letter Yusuf verse 87 which means:
"And do you despair of the Mercy of Allah, for verily none despair of the Mercy of Allah, except those who disbelieve"
In a hadith which in riwayatkan by Imam Ibn Majah Turmudzi and 'Abdullah bin Abi Auf ra also explained, that Rasull SAW had said what means:
"He who has the intent (the need) to ALLAH or to one of the sons of Adam, let him wudhunya perfect ablution and then shalat two rakaat, then let him say praise to ALLAH and say shalawat to the Prophet SAW, and then let him pray.
B. The virtue of Shalat Hajat
As with other voluntary shalat sunnat, shalat sunnat hajat also has also has a very big priority, that is for people who always start the good deeds with shalat sunnat hajat first then he will get a huge response at all, it is Allah's heaven As already described in the Hadiths of the Prophet SAW, which means:
"... That the Prophet once said to Bilal, after the shalat Shubuh as follows:
"O Bilal, tell me are you working in the practice of Islam is full of hope because I heard your sandals in front of me in heaven." Bilal replied that I never did an act which I expect kindness, but certainly I ablutions before, whether it is time night or day. After purification I shalat as much as I do I can do. " (HR. Imam Bukhari and Muslim)

Method class sebagai database

Program aplikasi untuk menampilkan jadwal mata kuliah yang menggunakan method-method yang ada dalam class sebagai pengganti dari database yang menyimpan informasi dari semua data-data jadwal kuliah mulai dari data hari, jam, mata kuliah beserta dosen yang mengajar mata kuliah tersebut.
Class yang digunakan merupakan public class yang mempunyai beberapa private method dan sebuah public method. Penggunaan private method ini dimaksudkan agar method tersebut tidak dapat diakses oleh class luar. Private method tersebut adalah :
• private method iGetHari
Berisi hari-hari aktif perkuliahan.
• private method iGetJam
Berisi jam mata kuliah.
• private method iGetMatkul
Berisi mata kuliah semester 3 kelas H sore sesuai dengan paket dari jurusan.
• private method iGetDosen
Berisi nama-nama dosen yang mengajar mata kuliah.

Untuk mengambil nilai dari method-method diatas menggunakan sebuah public method pGetInfo. Didalam method ini terdapat source code yang akan mengambil nilai return dari private method dan akan menampilkan hasilnya sebagai nilai return dari method.
Penggalan source code class yang digunakan :
public class param{
private static String iGetHari(int n){
String[] hari={"Senin","Selasa","Rabu","Kamis","Jum'at"};
return hari[n];
}
private static String iGetJam(int n){
String[] jam={"16.00-17.40","18.00-19.40","19.40-21.00"};
return jam[n];
}
private static String iGetMatkul(int n){
String[] matkul={"PBO","Aljabar Linier","Struktur Data","Statistika","Sistem Op.","Ars. Komp."};
return matkul[n];
}
private static String iGetDosen(int n){
String[] dosen={"Al","Za","Bu","Ira","An","Su"};
return dosen[n];
}
public static String pGetInfo(int n){
int xx=0;
int zz;
if(n==0){
return (iGetHari(n)+"\n"+iGetJam(xx+1)+"\n"+iGetMatkul(zz=1)+"\t"+iGetDosen(zz)
+"\n"+iGetJam(xx+2)+"\n"+iGetMatkul(zz=2)+"\t"+iGetDosen(zz));
}else if(n==1){
return (iGetHari(n)+"\n"+iGetJam(xx)+"\n"+iGetMatkul(zz=5)+"\t"+iGetDosen(zz)
+"\n"+iGetJam(xx+1)+"\n"+iGetMatkul(zz=3)+"\t"+iGetDosen(zz)
+"\n"+iGetJam(xx+2)+"\n"+iGetMatkul(zz=4)+"\t"+iGetDosen(zz));
}else if(n==2){
return (iGetHari(n)+"\n"+iGetJam(xx)+"\n"+iGetMatkul(zz=1)+"\t"+iGetDosen(zz)
+"\n"+iGetJam(xx+2)+"\n"+iGetMatkul(zz=0)+"\t"+iGetDosen(zz));
}else if(n==3){
return (iGetHari(n)+"\n"+iGetJam(xx)+"\n"+iGetMatkul(zz=5)+"\t"+iGetDosen(zz)
+"\n"+iGetJam(xx+1)+"\n"+iGetMatkul(zz=3)+"\t"+iGetDosen(zz)
+"\n"+iGetJam(xx+2)+"\n"+iGetMatkul(zz=4)+"\t"+iGetDosen(zz));
}else if(n==4){
return (iGetHari(n)+"\n"+iGetJam(xx+1)+"\n"+iGetMatkul(zz=0)+"\t"+iGetDosen(zz)
+"\n"+iGetJam(xx+2)+"\n"+iGetMatkul(zz=3)+"\t"+iGetDosen(zz));
}
return iGetHari(n);
}
}

Grammar pada Teori Bahasa Otomata

Grammar Klas 0 :
Unrestricted Grammar : Aturan-aturan sintaktik (productions) yang digunakan untuk membentuk kalimat tidak mempunyai batasan yang jelas.
Contoh :
G = ({S, A, B, C, D}, {a, b}, S, q), dengan q adalah :
S ® CD Aa ® aA C ® e
C ® aCA | bCB Ab ® bA D ® e
AD ® aD Ba ® aB
BD ® bD Bb ® bB
Bahasa yang didefinisikan grammar di atas adalah :
L(G) = { ww | w Î {a, b}}
Grammar Klas 2 :
Context-Free Grammar (CFG) : Grammar dengan production yang berbentuk a ® b, dimana |a| £ |b| dengan a Î Vn dan |a| = 1. Dengan demikian, production-production pada klas grammar ini hanya memiliki satu non-terminal di sisi kiri setiap productionnya. Bahasa yang didefinisikan oleh CFG ini disebut Context-Free Language.
CFG merupakan satu-satunya klas grammar yang telah memiliki algoritma parsing yang optimal. Sehingga hampir semua bahasa pemrograman menggunakan CFG untuk mendefinifikan aturan-aturan sintaktik bahasanya.
Contoh : Bahasa = { an b an | n ³ 1 } didefinisikan melalui grammar berikut :
S ® aCa
C ® aCa | b
Derivasi untuk input string a3 b a3 adalah sebagai berikut :
S Þ aCa Þ aaCaa Þ aaaCaaa Þ aaabaaa
Grammar Klas 3 :
Regular Grammar : Grammar dengan production yang berbentuk a ® b, dimana |a| £ |b| dengan a Î Vn dan |a| = 1. Sedangkan b mempunyai bentuk aB atau a (a Î VT dan B Î VN). Bahasa yang didefinisikan oleh Regular Grammar ini disebut Regular Language.
Bahasa pemrograman yang menggunakan aturan sintaktik bahasa regular ini antara lain adalah javascript, perl, dll.
Contoh : Bahasa = { an b am | n ³ 1 } didefinisikan melalui grammar berikut :
S ® aS | aB
C ® aC | a
B ® bC
Derivasi untuk input string a3 b a2 adalah sebagai berikut :
S Þ aS Þ aaS Þ aaaB Þ aaabC Þ aaabaC Þ aaabaa